Incarceration and Health: Intoxication

Below: Percentage of nonhomicide drug-intoxication deaths classified as suicides in quartiles by state and region, United States, 2008–2010

Background

The 21st-century epidemic of pharmaceutical and other drug-intoxication deaths in the United States (US) has likely precipitated an increase in misclassified, undercounted suicides. Drug-intoxication suicides are highly prone to be misclassified as accident or undetermined. Misclassification adversely impacts suicide and other injury mortality surveillance, etiologic understanding, prevention, and hence clinical and public health policy formation and practice.

Results

Across states, the proportion of drug-intoxication suicides ranged from 0.058 in Louisiana to 0.286 in South Dakota and the rate from 1 per 100,000 population in North Dakota to 4 in New Mexico. There was a low correlation between combined accident and undetermined drug-intoxication death rates and corresponding suicide rates (Spearman’s rho = 0.38; p<0.01). Citation of 1 or more specific drugs on the death certificate was positively associated with the relative odds of a state classifying a nonhomicide drug-intoxication death as suicide rather than accident or undetermined, adjusting for region and type of state death investigation system (odds ratio, 1.062; 95% CI,1.016–1.110). Region, too, was a significant predictor. Relative to the South, a 10% increase in drug citation was associated with 43% (95% CI,11%-83%), 41% (95% CI,7%-85%), and 33% (95% CI,1%-76%) higher odds of a suicide classification in the West, Midwest, and Northeast, respectively.

Conclusion

Large interstate variation in the relative magnitude of nonhomicide drug-intoxication deaths classified as suicide by medical examiners and coroners in the US appears partially an artifact of geographic region and degree of toxicological assessment in the case ascertainment process. Etiologic understanding and prevention of drug-induced suicides and other drug-intoxication deaths first require rigorous standardization involving accurate concepts, definitions, and case ascertainment.

Read more at: http://ht.ly/RTO8b

By: Ian R. H. Rockett,1,* Gerald R. Hobbs,2 Dan Wu,3 Haomiao Jia,4 Kurt B. Nolte,5 Gordon S. Smith,6 Sandra L. Putnam,7 and Eric D. Caine8

1Injury Control Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America

2Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
3Department of Psychology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guandong, China and Department of Social Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
4Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, and School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
5Office of the Medical Investigator – Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
6Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
7Social Solutions International Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
8Injury Control Research Center for Suicide Prevention and Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Below: Scatter plot of participants' IAT D-scores and explicit attitudes with separate fit lines for each beverage group; higher scores indicate greater negativity towards African Americans

Recent research has shown that alcohol consumption can exacerbate expressions of racial bias by increasing reliance on stereotypes. However, little work has investigated how alcohol affects intergroup evaluations. The current work sought to address the issue in the context of the correspondence between implicit and explicit measures of anti-black attitudes. Participants were randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic (target BAC of 0.08%), placebo, or control beverage prior to completing implicit and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Although beverage condition did not affect prejudice levels on either measure, it did change the correlation between them. Implicitly measured attitudes significantly predicted explicit reports of prejudice and discrimination only for participants who consumed alcohol. We discuss the implications of our findings for debates regarding dissociations between implicit and explicit measures and the cultural phenomenon of intoxicated individuals attributing prejudiced statements to alcohol consumption rather than personal attitudes.

Read more at: http://ht.ly/RRhZf HT https://twitter.com/cuboulder

More at: http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Incarceration and Health

Monday, September 7, 2015

Variable Classification of Drug-Intoxication Suicides across US States: A Partial Artifact of Forensics?

Background

Results

Conclusion

Sunday, September 6, 2015

Intoxicated Prejudice: The Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Implicitly & Explicitly Measured Racial Attitudes