Low
resting heart rate is a well-replicated physiological correlate of aggressive
and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents, but whether low resting
heart rate increases the risk of violence and other antisocial and risk-taking
behaviors in adulthood has not been studied in representative samples.
In
models adjusted for physical, cardiovascular, psychiatric, cognitive, and
socioeconomic covariates, compared with 139 511 men in the highest quintile of
the distribution of resting heart rate (≥83 beats/min), 132 595 men with the
lowest quintile (heart rate, ≤60 beats/min) had a 39% (95% CI, 35%-44%) higher
hazard of being convicted of violent crimes and a 25% (95% CI, 23%-28%) higher
hazard of being convicted of nonviolent crimes. The corresponding hazard was
39% higher for assault injuries (95% CI, 33%-46%) and for unintentional
injuries (95% CI, 38%-41%). Further adjustment for cardiorespiratory fitness in
a subset of 572 610 men with data from an exercise test did not reduce the
associations. Similar associations were found between low systolic blood
pressure and violent and nonviolent criminality and for assault injuries when
systolic blood pressure was studied instead of resting heart rate in more than
1 million men.
- 1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden2Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 2Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 3Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden3Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Lung and Allergy Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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